为什么 += 在列表中表现异常?
问题描述
python 中的 += 运算符似乎在列表上意外运行.谁能告诉我这是怎么回事?
The += operator in python seems to be operating unexpectedly on lists. Can anyone tell me what is going on here?
class foo:
bar = []
def __init__(self,x):
self.bar += [x]
class foo2:
bar = []
def __init__(self,x):
self.bar = self.bar + [x]
f = foo(1)
g = foo(2)
print f.bar
print g.bar
f.bar += [3]
print f.bar
print g.bar
f.bar = f.bar + [4]
print f.bar
print g.bar
f = foo2(1)
g = foo2(2)
print f.bar
print g.bar
输出
[1, 2]
[1, 2]
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
[1, 2, 3]
[1]
[2]
foo += bar 似乎会影响该类的每个实例，而 foo = foo + bar 似乎以我期望的方式运行.
foo += bar seems to affect every instance of the class, whereas foo = foo + bar seems to behave in the way I would expect things to behave.
+= 运算符称为复合赋值运算符".
The += operator is called a "compound assignment operator".
解决方案
一般的答案是 += 尝试调用 __iadd__ 特殊方法，如果是'不可用它尝试使用 __add__ 代替.所以问题在于这些特殊方法之间的区别.
The general answer is that += tries to call the __iadd__ special method, and if that isn't available it tries to use __add__ instead. So the issue is with the difference between these special methods.
__iadd__ 特殊方法用于就地添加，即它改变它作用的对象.__add__ 特殊方法返回一个新对象，也用于标准 + 运算符.
The __iadd__ special method is for an in-place addition, that is it mutates the object that it acts on. The __add__ special method returns a new object and is also used for the standard + operator.
因此，当 += 运算符用于定义了 __iadd__ 的对象时，该对象会被原地修改.否则它将尝试使用普通的 __add__ 并返回一个新对象.
So when the += operator is used on an object which has an __iadd__ defined the object is modified in place. Otherwise it will instead try to use the plain __add__ and return a new object.
这就是为什么对于像列表这样的可变类型 += 会改变对象的值，而对于像元组、字符串和整数这样的不可变类型会返回一个新对象(a += b 等同于 a = a + b).
That is why for mutable types like lists += changes the object's value, whereas for immutable types like tuples, strings and integers a new object is returned instead (a += b becomes equivalent to a = a + b).
对于同时支持 __iadd__ 和 __add__ 的类型，因此您必须小心使用哪一种.a += b 将调用 __iadd__ 并改变 a，而 a = a + b 将创建一个新对象并将其分配给 a.它们不是同一个操作！
For types that support both __iadd__ and __add__ you therefore have to be careful which one you use. a += b will call __iadd__ and mutate a, whereas a = a + b will create a new object and assign it to a. They are not the same operation!
>>> a1 = a2 = [1, 2]
>>> b1 = b2 = [1, 2]
>>> a1 += [3] # Uses __iadd__, modifies a1 in-place
>>> b1 = b1 + [3] # Uses __add__, creates new list, assigns it to b1
>>> a2
[1, 2, 3] # a1 and a2 are still the same list
>>> b2
[1, 2] # whereas only b1 was changed
对于不可变类型(没有 __iadd__)a += b 和 a = a + b 是等价的.这就是让你可以在不可变类型上使用 += 的原因，这可能看起来是一个奇怪的设计决定，直到你考虑到否则你不能在像数字这样的不可变类型上使用 +=！
For immutable types (where you don't have an __iadd__) a += b and a = a + b are equivalent. This is what lets you use += on immutable types, which might seem a strange design decision until you consider that otherwise you couldn't use += on immutable types like numbers!
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